For This Book Review, I Chose To Read “The New Teacher

For this book review, I chose to read â€Å"The New Teacher Book,† which was edited by Terry Burant, Linda Christensen, Kelley Dawson Salas, and Stephanie Walters. When I was searching for a book to complete this book review, I was looking for something that was geared towards someone like myself who is new to teaching in the educational spectrum. I wanted a book that was going to share background information and knowledge that other new teachers had felt when they first stepped into their own classroom. I feel like this book was exactly what I was looking for as it met the criteria that would be helpful to me in becoming a new teacher. I will start by saying that the biggest highlight for me in this book was being able to read through new†¦show more content†¦It’s important for us as teachers to understand our students and recognize the ways in which they learn best and then try to implement those techniques and skills into our lesson planning and teaching. Another area of my book that really grabbed my attention and interested me was on how to build and establish a sense of community in the classroom. On any given day, building a sense of community is easier said than done, as the students sometimes come to school with the perception of not wanting to be there or the teacher is trying to organize his/her lessons, the day’s work, and at the same time interest their students. The book used a story in which the teacher was desperately trying to find a topic that peaked his students interest and made them excited about the learning. This teacher found that the topic of violence got his students enraged, talkative, and suddenly interested in what was being discussed. This teacher learned and pointed out to someone like me, that if you aren’t thinking about, considering, and implementing the personal backgrounds of your students and the community in which they live, then students will never really be engaged or understand the m eaning behind the curriculum that’s being taught. As teachers, we can teach all day, all night, and think that our students understand and are interested, but it’s almost like holding them prisoner until the day isShow MoreRelatedOutline Of A Curriculum Proposal1296 Words   |  6 PagesCURRICULUM PROPOSAL [Part I] Theme: Self-Esteem Grade Level: Kindergarten OVERVIEW OF THIS PROPOSAL: The kindergarten teachers propose that the theme of self-esteem should be a new curriculum unit to be focused on next year. This curriculum will be great to use because it allows the students to learn the importance of feel good about themselves. We believe that including a literature unit on self-esteem not only boost students’ self-worth but it would enhance their performanceRead MoreThe Freedom Writers And Erin Gruwell833 Words   |  4 Pagesthe world. The students entries consist of how they do not believe that Mrs. Gruwell will make it in their school. The students are deemed unteachable by the school. Mrs. Gruwell, worked two jobs (one at a hotel and as a teacher) to provide books for her students. The students read Zlata’s diary and â€Å" The Diary of Anne Frank†. The class decides to do a fundraiser, to get Zlata Filipovic and Miep Gies to come to their school. Soon, they are able to go to many places, including Washington D.C and UniversalRead MoreQue stions On The Lesson Plan852 Words   |  4 PagesLesson Plan (Pathwise-based) 10-6-2015 Teacher candidate: Deborah Dorse Grade: 1st Subject(s): Math Topic(s): One half of a whole List the Domains that apply: Cognitive Psychomotor Arkansas Frameworks (complete SLE’s): CCSS.Math.Content.1.G.A.3 Partition circles and rectangles into two and four equal shares, describe the shares using the words halves, fourths, and quarters, and use the phrases halfRead MoreEvaluation Of A Mini Reading Lesson Plan1300 Words   |  6 Pages3 In this reflection paper the student was asked to write a mini reading lesson plan. 1. Name of Strategy: Teacher/Peer Modeling (Read Naturally Strategy, 2009) 2. Grade Level: Third Grade 3. Type of Disability: A student that needs this strategy to increase fluency would have trouble in one of the following areas: identifying words, decoding unknown words, knowing the meaning of words parts or proper use of phonics (Seder, n.d.). 4. Material/Reading Text: I chose this book because it hasRead MoreShel Silverstein832 Words   |  4 Pagesand children enjoyed that book Shel Silverstein came out with another book named Uncle Shelbys A Giraffe and A Half in 1964. Shel achieved game for his 1964 publication of the book The Giving Tree. In the 1960s Shel became well know for his song writing, and many artists such as Johnny Cash sang the songs he had written. He also wrote scores for motion pictures. Then in 1974 a collection of poems for children came out called Where the Sidewalk Ends The book was a success with many creaturesRead MoreHow to Talk so Kids Will Listen Listen so Kids Will Talk Essay807 Words   |  4 PagesWhy I chose this Book? This particular book How to Talk So Kids Will Listen Listen So Kids Will Talk by Adele Faber Elaine Mazlish is a great book for parents and teachers to read to help develop good communication skills with children. My Opinion of This Book Benefits To Families and Caregivers I believe this book, How to Talk So Kids Will Listen Listen So Kids Will Talk, is a great tool for both the families of young children and the teachers who may need to brush up their skillsRead MoreMarketing at Gerlach Publish for Textbooks Essay1071 Words   |  5 Pagesarts textbooks for first through twelfth grade. In the past, the macroenvironment for your company has been fairly stable. However, information youve received from your research team shows that this is starting to change. The first three reports deal with long-term changes in the macroenvironment. Review the reports before you decide which next steps to recommend to your supervisor, the Vice President of Marketing. Background Historically, the number of school-age children in Colorado has increasedRead MoreTeaching Strategies for Reading Comprehension1250 Words   |  5 PagesStudents will use the KWL Chart to Synthesize the story of Yen Sen: A Cinderella Story,by: AI-Ling Louie. They will order, recall, retell and recreate this story to form their own comprehensive perspectives. K What I Know | W What I Want To Learn | L What I Have Learned | Name ____________ Word Bank Word | Definition | Picture | Connections | Word | Definition | Picture | Connections | Word | Definition | Picture |Read MoreContent Competency Paper1689 Words   |  7 Pagesteaching, no seven steps to Teacher of the Year. Motivating students, managing the classroom, assessing prior knowledge, communicating ideas effectively, taking into account the characteristics of the learners, assessing learning outcomes, and reviewing information must be attended to at all levels of education. As I review the competencies, I am amazed by the things I have learned, researched, and experienced throughout this course. I have found several strengths as I analyzed the competencies asRead MoreThe Geeks Shall Inherit The Earth By Alexandra Robbins973 Words   |  4 PagesI selected the book The Geeks Shall Inherit the Earth by Alexandra Robbins because I was interested to read about an adult author’s perception on a modern American high school experience. I also chose the book because the reviews mentioned that it related to a TV series I enjoyed, Freaks and Geeks . As I read through the book, I found that it centered around the theory that if a student is excluded or dismissed in high school for having different traits than what other students considered normal,

Portrayal of Marriage in Pride and Prejudice by Jane...

Portrayal of Marriage in Pride and Prejudice Jane Austens novel Pride and Prejudice portrays varying attitudes to marriage. The intricate social network that pervades the novel is one that revolves around the business of marriage. Through her female characters the reader sees the different attitudes to marriage and the reasons that these women have for marrying. These depend on their social status and their personal values. The reader is shown the most prevalent and common view of marriage held by society in Austens time, and through the heroine, a differing opinion of marriage is explored. We are shown how marriage is viewed by the very wealthy and the values they emphasise in marriage. Through the characterisation of these†¦show more content†¦Collins character, he was neither sensible nor agreeable; his society was irksome, and his attachment to her must be imaginary . She perceives that their personalities are not compatible and realises that there will never be suitable feeling or passion between them to legitimise a happy, functioning marriage. But convenience is all that she is concerned with. She believes Happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance. and Miss Lucas, who accepted him solely from the pure and disinterested desire of an establishment, cared not how soon that establishment were gained . Charlotte believes herself to be lucky by obtaining the hand of Mr. Collins. Mr. Collins is a respectable man of moderate fortune. He occupies a suitable position as a clergyman and the parsonage is within a tolerable travelling distance from Lucas Lodge. Considering her values on marriage she is entirely satisfied. Through Charlotte, Austen has presented the commonly accepted views of her time about women and their place in society. They were expected to be accepting and grateful of the first offer of marriage which was made to them, putting aside their feelings for the opportunity to become a wife. Austen has made it evident to the reader that there is much beyond what Charlotte deems important in a marriage. By using gentle and subtle irony in her characterisation of Charlotte, Charlotte appears slightly irrational in her opinions. BecauseShow MoreRelated In Want of a Wife: Jane Austen’s Reaction to Marriage1624 Words   |  7 Pagesmany different authors, male and female. Jane Austen was only one of many authors in that era, and one of the longest lasting; through her many novels, she shows various views on love and marriage. In Jane Austen’s critically acclaimed novel, Pride and Prejudice, Austen spares no character, male or female, in her criticism of the understood custom t hat the only route to happiness was marriage. Jane Austen never married which influenced her portrayal of marriage throughout many of her novels. EveryRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1211 Words   |  5 PagesJane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice was greatly influenced by the time period in which it was written, This novel follows the story of Elizabeth Bennet and her sisters as they are faced with marriage proposals. The marriage and roles of women in this time period are shown throughout this story. During the time Austen was writing this novel, a woman’s role for her family changed. Daughters started to become a way for their family to achieve more money. Because their family depended on this financialRead More Feminism in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Essay1713 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Jane Austen, the author of Pride and Prejudice, holds feminist views and uses the novel to show her opinions about womens issues. Pride and Prejudice is a personal essay, a statement of Jane Austens feelings about the perfect lady, marriage, and the relationship between the sexes. Jane Austens characters, plot, and dialogue are biased to reflect her beliefs. The biased process and importance of marriage are introduced with the first lineRead MorePride and Prejudice: Exploring the Chasm Between Love and Marriage in Georgian England1675 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Pride and Prejudice†, is a novel which explores the huge chasm between love and marriage in Georgian England. Jane Austen’s presentation of passion and matrimony reiterates the fact that marriage is a â€Å"business arrangement†. Austen uses irony to make fun of polite society in this satire and Austen also emphasizes the point that social hierarchy dictates whom you can marry. The pressures of men and women in Georgian England are revealed through her exploration of the aristocracy’s prejudice againstRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1304 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen portrays themes of love, class, reputation, and marriage. From the beginning it is seen that the question of marriage is very important to the Bennet family. Upon not marrying, the girls cousin Mr. Collins will inherit Longbourn due to the absence of a male heir. This means that the family will become destitute since they won t have any support or a place to live. The only solution for them would be marriage. During this era, since womenRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen1384 Words   |  6 PagesNicole Voyatzis Professor W. Acres HISTORY 1401E May 26, 2015 Discussion Paper - Pride and Prejudice Pride and Prejudice written in 1813 by Jane Austen tells the story of The Bennet’s and their five unmarried daughters. The family live as part of the lower gentry in early 19th century England. With that being said, Mrs. Bennet’s primary focus in life is to ensure that all her daughters are married, preferably to wealthy men. The book begins with Mrs. Bennet seeing an opportunity for her daughtersRead MoreEssay on Prudence vs. Inclinations in Pride and Prejudice1413 Words   |  6 PagesPrudence vs. Inclinations in Pride and Prejudice      Ã‚  Ã‚   In the novel, Pride and Prejudice, Elizabeth and Jane both achieve lasting happiness with their respective partners -- Darcy and Bingley, after a series of misjudgments, misunderstandings and obstacles. Indeed the heroines (Elizabeths) tumultuous relationship with Darcy forms the bulk of the novel, and the focal point of interest for the reader while Janes relationship with Bingley adds variety and interest to the novel.    ElizabethsRead MorePride and Prejudice Values Juxtaposed Letters to Alice1228 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Pride and Prejudice† and â€Å"Letters to Alice† contains many similarities yet some obvious differences even when considering the fact that they were written hundreds of years apart. Both texts provide strong perspectives on a variety of issues and are very blunt in their approach. The key issue throughout both novels is the ideology of marriage in the sense of whether one should marry for love or financial stability and standing. Both novels are written in an epistolary format providing a differentRead More Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen 1104 Words   |  5 PagesNineteenth Century Marriage From A Twenty-First Century Perspective In society today, some women may not even consider marrying. According to â€Å"The State of Our Unions,† there has been a decline in the marriage rate of over 50% from 1970-2010. However, during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, marriage was often one of the few choices for a woman’s occupation. Reading Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen from the twenty-first century perspective might make some matters that are stressed in theRead MoreThe Woman Of A Tradesman Essay1537 Words   |  7 Pagesand independence: Mr. Knightley as of now has a fortune of his own and even consents to move into Hartfield after their marriage. In spite of the fact that Emma is unmistakably a flight from the usual and ordinary Austen s depiction of women, the other female characters in the novel bring to light the challenges confronting ladies without monetary autonomy. Miss Bates, Jane Fairfax, and Harriet Smith represent three conceivable situations for the women who do not have high social status and

Computational Intelligence and Security System †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Computational Intelligence and Security System. Answer: Introduction: Man in middle attack is a privacy attack on cryptography and computer security where an attacker targets a conversation between two parties without their knowledge. The conversation can be in form of email, social media, and web surfing. The attacker eavesdrop the conversation in order to collect confidential information from the conversation. According to Aggarwal and Nandi (2015), Wi-Fi or wireless networks are more vulnerable to a number of attacks including the man in the middle attack due to the openness of the medium. A common vulnerability of hole 196 present in WPA2 or Wi-Fi protected access can be exploited by the attacker for accessing the encrypted network. Yang et al., (2012), investigate an Address Resolution Protocol spoofing, which is based on the man in the middle attack. The man in the middle attack is a major malicious code attacks that damage the industrial infrastructure directly. This type of attack is dangerous as it can modify and compromise the secure and the reliable operation of wireless networks. The scenario of man in the middle attack involves the attacker as the third party, and act as an intercommunicating node between a server and the client. The attacker captures the messages between a server and the client. The attacker then alters the messages before it reaches the receiver (Kumar, Verma Tomar, 2013). However, in case of a wireless domain, the shared channel will require to undergo the association and disassociation phase for communication. This attack is possible in ARP, as the response of the request packet is not authenticated and therefore; any node is allowed on behalf of any other node can send a request in a network. The attacker makes use of this vulnerability. Furthermore, the stateless nature of does not requires a matching request and therefore, man in the middle attack is more prominent here. Zhao and Ge, (2013), discusses that the man in the middle attack is prominent in smart objects such as Internet of Things as well. It is generally assumed that no third party is able to intercept the messages of two communicating parties in an IOT environment. This type of attack is dangerous as the attacker can even track an objects location using this method that can give rise to privacy risks for the user of Internet of Things. The attacker after getting access to the IOT environment may attempt to extract the security information and misuse it. Man in the middle attack is prominent in TLS as well, which is an essential building block for virtual private networks. The security in TLS mainly deals with authentication and key exchange. Absence of proper security in key exchange results in man in the middle attack. The security in the key exchange process in TLS is mainly achieved using Public Key Infrastructure or PKI (de la Hoz et al., 2014). Researches prove that man in the middle attack on PKIs has considerably increased over the years. This is because the attackers make use of the vulnerability of classical PKI model. A number of security concerns have arisen over the years, which proves that TLS is prone to man-in-the middle attacks. Man in the middle attack is prominent in fog computing as well. In this particular attack, the gateways, that serve as fog devices are targeted and are compromised or replaced by the fake ones. Furthermore, it is impossible for the traditional anomaly detection method to detect or expose the man in the middle attacks (Lee et al., 2015). Encryption is not a feasible option in preventing this attack in fog computing as it is tough to establish communication between fog node and IOT devices with the help of encryption. With the increase in the number of wireless users with the increase in availability of the mobile devices in lower costs, the man in the middle attack posses a real threat to the wireless network security. The attacker, on gaining the control over the system collects the packets coming from the sender and channelize to the receiver after recording the packet stream. There is no data loss between the system and therefore, the sender or receiver cannot identify the threat. In this attack, ARP poisoning is widely used, where the attacker working on the same local area network of that of the victims steals information of data sessions. Various methods are used for implementing a man in the middle attack, which are ICMP MITM, DNS MITM, DHCP MITM, cookie hijacking, SSL MITM and so on (Noor Hassan, 2013). In ICMP, attacker at first pings the whole subnet to find out the hosts that are down and then waits for the hosts to be pinged by others. DNS on other hand sniffs the traffic on network by ARP spoofing. Cookie hijacking makes use of certain cookie stealing scripts to steal the cookie data (Sheldon et al., 2012). Therefore, it can be said that man in the middle attack is more prominent in wireless network security. References Agarwal, M., Biswas, S., Nandi, S. (2015). Advanced stealth man-in-the-middle attack in wpa2 encrypted wi-fi networks.IEEE Communications Letters,19(4), 581-584. de la Hoz, E., Cochrane, G., Moreira-Lemus, J. M., Paez-Reyes, R., Marsa-Maestre, I., Alarcos, B. (2014, June). Detecting and defeating advanced man-in-the-middle attacks against TLS. InCyber Conflict (CyCon 2014), 2014 6th International Conference On(pp. 209-221). IEEE. Kumar, R., Verma, S., Tomar, G. S. (2013). Thwarting address resolution protocol poisoning using man in the middle attack in WLAN.International Journal of Reliable Information and Assurance,1(1), 8-19. Lee, K., Kim, D., Ha, D., Rajput, U., Oh, H. (2015, September). On security and privacy issues of fog computing supported Internet of Things environment. InNetwork of the Future (NOF), 2015 6th International Conference on the(pp. 1-3). IEEE. Noor, M. M., Hassan, W. H. (2013). Wireless networks: developments, threats and countermeasures.International Journal of Digital Information and Wireless Communications (IJDIWC),3(1), 125-140. Sheldon, F. T., Weber, J. M., Yoo, S. M., Pan, W. D. (2012). The insecurity of wireless networks.IEEE Security Privacy,10(4), 54-61. Yang, Y., McLaughlin, K., Littler, T., Sezer, S., Im, E. G., Yao, Z. Q., ... Wang, H. F. (2012). Man-in-the-middle attack test-bed investigating cyber-security vulnerabilities in smart grid SCADA systems. Zhao, K., Ge, L. (2013, December). A survey on the internet of things security. InComputational Intelligence and Security (CIS), 2013 9th International Conference on(pp. 663-667). IEEE.

Malcolm Gladwell’s ideas and philosophy in The Tipping Point, as they apply to Occupy Wall Street Movement Essay Example

Malcolm Gladwell’s ideas and philosophy in The Tipping Point, as they apply to Occupy Wall Street Movement Essay Malcolm Gladwell has attempted to create a unique style of scholarship that navigates between science and popular culture. As a result he has earned the wrath from both quarters. For example, scientists accuse him for being simplistic or lacking in rigor. On the other side, commentators from mainstream media accuse him of bringing esoteric scientific concepts to popular discourse. Yet, his book The Tipping Point has sold more than a 3 million copies. His other titles such as Blink (2005), Outliers (2008), David and Goliath (2013), etc, continue to fascinate and provoke in equal measure. Despite the controversies surrounding some of Gladwell’s inferences, his ideas and philosophies have become assimilated into popular discourse. It is an interesting exercise to study how the most important social movement of recent times – Occupy Wall Street movement (OWS) – measures up in relation to the author’s theories. This essay endeavors to perform the same. The Occupy Wall Street (OWS) movement witnessed in recent years is one of the most significant socio-political events to have taken place in the history of the United States of America. Measuring merely by the weight of popular support and enthusiastic participation evinced by the movement, it could be equated with the Civil Rights movement and the Women’s Rights movement of the 1960s and 1970s respectively. But nothing in popular culture currents of recent years would have led to an anticipation of this sudden collective uprising by a majority of American citizens. The protests and public discussions were centered on the flawed policy priorities of the body politic. It also addressed the greed-based actions of Corporate America which put profits ahead of social responsibility. The movement had sprung from the failures of the political and business establishments which have hurt a vast majority of ordinary Americans – the other 99%, as the slogan proclaims. We will write a custom essay sample on Malcolm Gladwell’s ideas and philosophy in The Tipping Point, as they apply to Occupy Wall Street Movement specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Malcolm Gladwell’s ideas and philosophy in The Tipping Point, as they apply to Occupy Wall Street Movement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Malcolm Gladwell’s ideas and philosophy in The Tipping Point, as they apply to Occupy Wall Street Movement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer One of the famous assertions in The Tipping Point is that â€Å"ideas and products and messages and behaviors spread like viruses do†. Gladwell equates the birth and progress of social movements to that of epidemics. One of the features of this process is the ‘law of the few’, whereby 80% of the work is done by 20% of the participants. Gladwell deems it necessary to have charismatic leadership for the sustenance of mass movements. He posits that these leaders with â€Å"a particular and rare set of social gifts† will take up responsibility for 80% of the work. (Bush, 2013, p.38) According to Gladwell these leaders could be of three types – connectors, mavens or salesmen. But when we study the birth and spread of OWS, it is difficult to identify who the leaders are. In many ways, the OWS does not fit the description of epidemics that Gladwell posits. In fact, the OWS may not even have a ‘tipping point’, whereby a gathering stream brok e into a forceful torrent. It is a movement characterized by steady sharing of information and gradual increase in collective organization. The OWS is also remarkable for its lack of central leadership. It is just through word of mouth publicity and a shared sense of social solidarity that the mass movement materialized. Eschewing the theories of epidemics formulated by Gladwell, one could even argue that the OWS was nothing short of a nation getting in touch with its revolutionary spirit. After all, the short history of the country, starting with its fight for independence, is studded with movements of public collective action that have induced progressive changes in the political, legal and cultural domains. (Farhat-Holzman, 2011) The OWS movement is the most recent in that noble tradition of civil disobedience and collective public action that the country is so proud of. It is instructive to learn what Gladwell thought of online social media networks like Facebook, Twitter, etc. The Tipping Point was written before OWS, and it fails to foresee the potential for online social media to spur a mass movement. Writing for The New Yorker magazine in 2010 he contrasts â€Å"today’s online activists with the young civil rights leaders who launched lunch counter sit-ins in the South in the early 1960s. What social media are not good at is providing the discipline, strategy, hierarchy, and strong social bonds that successful movements require. Such connections are what gave the four student leaders in Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1960 the courage to defy racial subordination, despite the likelihood of violence. The instigators were two pairs of college roommates. They all lived in the same dorm, and three of them had gone to high school together.† (Gladwell, as quoted by Bush, 2013, p.38) Considering what we now know after the fact, Gladwell had underestimated the power of social media. The Occupy Wall Street movement transpired despite the fact that there are several weaknesses to online social networks. The numerous ‘friends’ we have on Facebook and Twitter are thought of as ‘weak ties’ by sociologists. Though they expose us to a broad range of new ideas and information, our associations with them are not strong. Some even contended that â€Å"the value of social media to the cause of democracy should be measured over the course of ‘years and decades, not weeks and months’. Yet the OWS proved all these presumptions incorrect. What the OWS has shown is that online activists, with the help of new technology, were even capable of toppling authoritarian regimes. The Arab Spring (although it has petered out now) that closely followed OWS is a case in point. Nowhere in The Tipping Point do we see Gladwell predicting such possibi lities let alone recognizing the power of social media for creating large movements. Over time, social media may acquire more capability to enhance civil society and hand over power to the people. In this context it is pertinent to ask what does social media offer that conventional communication modes do not. In response, we can find a set of mass movements in recent years that were built on the back of new digital technology. For example, â€Å"The protesters who brought down Philippine president Joseph Estrada in 2001 spread word of their street demonstrations via text message. Social media are not magical. Insurgents may not always prevail (as in Iran in 2009). But on balance, social media will bring â€Å"a net improvement for democracy,† much as the printing press did.† (â€Å"Tweeting toward Freedom? A,† 2011) His famous quote â€Å"The revolution will not be tweeted† has continued to haunt him since the event. In the Tipping Point he argued that â€Å"social media tools fail to promote the type of strong interpersonal ties necessary for successful social movement organizing†¦ waves of e-petitions and online public comments will swamp federal agencies in low quality, redundant, and generally insubstantial commenting by the public, drowning out more substantive citizen participation.† (Karpf, 2012, p. 8) In the absence of stronger and real democratic participation, the author reckoned, token digital activism was dismissed as ‘slacktivism’ or ‘clicktivism’. He reasoned that when all that clicking produces no change, citizens will turn bitter or tune out. For example, â€Å"high-risk social movement tactics, by contrast, are based on strong ties. Ergo, he suggests, online communications tools are of relatively little use to social movements and po litical activism. They leverage the wrong type of social ties.† (Karpf, 2012, p. 118)